Interview-Group+1-+Hunter+and+Symth


 * = ** Evaluate semi-structured, focus, group and narrative interviews ** ||
 * [[image:http://www.job-interviewtips.com/images/job-interview-techniques.jpg width="221" height="131" align="left"]] || **Semi-Structured Interviews** || * The most widely used means of qualitative data collection.
 * The data can be analyzed using different theoretical approaches, Willig (2001).
 * Follows themes from a prepared interview guide that should be discussed in the interview, and closed and open-ended questions.
 * The guide works as a checklist to tell when all participants have covered the same areas in their interview.
 * There is flexibility for the order and wording of the questions.
 * The purpose is together insight into people's. Personal experience.
 * The interview can seem informal and somewhat conversational.


 * Strengths:**
 * The interviewer is able to ask the participant to elaborate on certain subjects.
 * Has the potential to be less biased.
 * The data can be analyzed in a variety of ways.
 * The interview guide sets certain themes to be explored, but can still exclude themes that have not been prepared.


 * Limitations:**
 * The interaction between interviewer and interviewee can seem artificial and could hamper ecological validity.
 * Data analysis is time-consuming. ||
 * [[image:http://www.mjbarney.com/images/focus-group-chairs-in-circle.jpg width="162" height="124"]] || **Focus Group** || Focus groups gather a group with a single interviewer. The interviewer asks questions and the group interacts with each other as the interviewer sits back and guides the discussion. They were commonly used in communication and market research, however they are gaining in popularity with things like health psychology.* The group process of discussion can bring to light details that could not easily be achieved in one-to-one interviews.
 * Open-ended questions allow for participants to talk freely and even generate their own questions.
 * Usually consists of 6 to 10 people, keeping the number reasonable allows for engaging conversation for all participants.
 * Purposive sampling is usually used because the participants of a focus group usually have a certain characteristic that is the topic of discussion.
 * The interviewer keeps the progress of discussion on track, asking others to answer a question raised by another participant, identifying agreements and disagreements, and they set the time limits.
 * The process of discussion in group dynamics can provide for rich data to be collected.


 * Strengths:*** It is a quick and convenient way to collect data from several individuals.
 * The setting is more natural, allowing for higher ecological validity than a one-on-one interview.
 * It can explore people's knowledge and bring to light their cognitive process, and also why they might think in a certain way.
 * They can also bring to light different cultural values and group norms.


 * Limitations:**
 * Does not work as well with more personal questions, it is easier for participants to not disclosed certain aspects of their response.
 * The presence of other participants can result in some degree of conformity.
 * Ethical issues can be raised if the participants are not free, such as a prison or nursing home. ||
 * [[image:http://forgodandtruth.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/openbook.jpg width="191" height="143"]] || **Narrative Interviews** || * The participant provides a story of a certain experience to the interviewer.
 * It is the researcher's task to explore different people's stories (Murray 2003).
 * Narratives do not represent true representations of an event, but and individual's interpretation of it.
 * People construct their realities based on their narratives that make sense of the world they live in, and they come to live in a world fashioned by them.
 * Narratives often tell like a story, with a beginning, middle and end.
 * Narratives explore how people impose order on their lives and make sense of their own experiences.
 * They are a mix of facts and interpretation, and help to construct meanings in people's lives.
 * Narratives help to understand how historical and cultural context may begin to shape peoples interpretation of their experiences.
 * Narrative interviews can follow the form of a life-story, or and individual's experience of a certain event.
 * In either the interviewer is interested in the greater historical and cultural narrative.


 * Strengths:**
 * Explores the complexities of individual experience while keeping in mind the historical and cultural factors of the narrative.
 * They can be used with all people, they can use every-day language and talk freely.


 * Limitations:**
 * The data collected is enormous and transcription and analysis is very time-consuming. ||

The interviewer must be trained to avoid //"Interviewer Effects"// Any non-verbal action that may change the answer of the interviewee, such as a frown. They must learn not to react in ways that intimidate the interviewee.
 * == **Discuss considerations involved before, during and after an interview** == ||
 * **Before** || __**Training of the Interviewer**__

Depending on the group that is being studied, whoever will be the interviewer must be considered. People are known to respond differently to male and female interviewers. The effects of the interviewer must be taken into consideration and be counter-balanced according to age, gender and ethnicity
 * __Choice of Interviewer__**

__**Establish an Interview Guide**__
 * **Descriptive Questions**
 * **Structural Questions**
 * **Contrast Questions**
 * **Evaluative Questions**

__**Data Recording**__

__**Transcription of the Data**__


 * __Briefing__** ||
 * **During** || __**Establish a Rapport**__

__**Resolve Possible Issues with Data Recording**__

__**Use the Interview Guide Flexibly**__

__**Use the Active Listening Technique**__

__**Take Conformity and Expectancy into Consideration**__ ||
 * **After** || __**Debriefing**__ ||

Explain how researchers use inductive content analysis (thematic analysis) on interview transcripts.
First, coding is used. This is finding specific categories in the data material. Descriptive labels are given to discrete instances of phenomena. Low-level and higher-level categories emerge. Since categories emerge from data material in grounded theory, it is not the same as traditional analysis, where categories are established before data collection.



IPA, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, allows researchers to get an insider's view on the participants vision of the world. This concept was developed by Willig (2001) Takes inductive approach and says that theories can emerge from the data. Grigoriou (2004) says that sometimes theory should be introduced to the process. IPA is interested in the diversity of human experience, and looks for divergence and convergence in themes. It provides an interpretation.


 * Steps in Using the IPA.**

1 - Reading and rereading of transcripts. This makes one familiar with each participant's account. Notes about initial thoughts are produced for analysis. Key phrases, interpretations, connections, contradictions, language used, summary statements are also found for analysis.



2 - Identification of emergent themes - These themes stand apart from other data and are assumed to capture something essential. Noted in right-hand margin of transcript. May or may not use psychological terminology. These are "raw data themes."



3 - Structuring emergent themes - List all emergent themes to look for relation in clusters and hierarchies. Clusters are then given labels to capture the essence of the theme. These are in vivo terms used by participants. ex. childhood cluster with themes like relationship with friends and relationship with family. Organized in higher-order themes and subordinate themes.



4 - Summary table of the structured themes and relevant quotations that illustrate each theme - This table should only include the themes that capture the essentials of the participants experience. Other themes are excluded. Cluster labels, brief quotes, and references to relevant extracts are included, with page and line numbers.

Once no new information can be found, data saturation has occurred.