Discuss+techniques+for+reducing+prejudice+and+discrimination.

**By. Sol-A Kim**
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 * < __ <**Term>** __ ||< __<**Definition>**__ ||
 * Stereotyping || Generalizations about the typical characteristics of members of the group.' ||
 * Prejudice || Attitude toward the members of some group based solely on their membership in that group. This can be positive or negative. ||
 * Discrimination || Actual positive or negative actions toward the objects of prejudice ||

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 * ** __Techniques for reducing prejudice and discriminaiton__ **
 * 1) Direct intergroup contact
 * 2) Social learning
 * 3) Social recategorization -us & them
 * 4) Cognitive interventions - weakening stereotypes

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 * ** 1. ** **Direct intergroup contact**  ||= [[image:http://news.ucsc.edu/2008/04/images/pettigrew.06_08_14.180.jpg align="center"]]

**Picture1.Pettigrew (1981) ** ||= ü Pettigrew and others proposed that prejudice can be reduced by increased contact between groups. ||  ||= ü To the extent that prejudices and stereotypes are learned, we can work to avoid teaching them to children.
 * **2.Social Learning ** ||= [[image:http://sp.life123.com/bm.pix/adoption-law3-2.s600x600.jpg width="209" height="152"]]

ü <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;">Parents and teachers, who are aware of their own prejudices and discriminations may work to modify their behavior to encourage lower levels of prejudice in children

**<span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;">EVALUATION ** ü __<span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;">However… no real hard evidence on this… __ ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕; font-size: 14pt;">3.Social recategorization ** ||= [[image:http://www.utk.edu/tntoday/wp-content/uploads/Lowell_Gaertner_07-37826-1.jpg width="155" height="177" align="center"]]

**<span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;">Picture 2 Psychologist Gaertner **

||= ü <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;">The common ingroup identity model (Gaertner, Dovidio et al)- **1993**

ü <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;">When members of different social groups come to see themselves as members of a single social entity, their attitudes toward the former outgroup members become more positive

ü <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;">**Crucial factor: __existence of situation in which group work together cooperatively toward shared goals__**

ü <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;">Strong support for common ingroup identity model from lab and field studies, but hard to implement in real life settings. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;">EVALUATION **
 * **<span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕; font-size: 14pt;">4.Cognitive interventions-weakening stereotypes ** ||= <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;">[[image:http://evolution.binghamton.edu/evos/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/NeubergPoster.jpg caption="Psychologist Neuberg"]] ||= ü <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;">**Stereotypes involve __category-driven__ processing** (//thinking about others in terms of their membership in social categories or groups//)

ü <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;">**Stereotypes can be reduced if persons can be made to engage in __attribute-driven processing__** //(thinking about the unique characteristics of individuals)//

ü <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;">Factors that increase __attribute-driven processing :__

<span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;">1) Incentive to think accurately about others (Neuberg, 1939)

<span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;">2) Successful outcomes for members of other groups can counter stereotypes because we often attribute positive characteristics to those who have good outcomes. ||

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">__**Techniques for reducing prejudice and discrimination -Introduction Paragraph**__

Prejudice and discrimination are attitude or actual positive and negative actions toward the members of a group based solely on membership in that group. Because of the two terms, prejudice and discrimination, many problems are caused. In the past, especailly in 1960s of America, KKK, which is an organization founded by white americans, seriously discriminated and even murdered black americans. Prejudice and discrimination are significant and hard issues for people to solve. It takes lots of efforts, and it is also hard to control, so it is said that eliminating prejudice and discrimination is impossible. However, it does not mean that reducing the problems is impossible. There are four techniques, 'direct intergroup contact', 'social learning', 'social recategorization' and 'cognitive interventions', and these four solutions help people reducing the problem. Each of the techniques are supported by different psychologists and is evaluated frequently. First, 'direct intergroup contact' was proposed by Pettigrew, and he calimed that prejudice can be reduced by increased contact between groups. Second, 'social learning' means that parents or teachers, who are aware of their own prejudices and discriminations may work to modify their behavior to encourage lower levels of prejudice in children, and this theory was supported by Bannet. 'Social recategorization' is also one of the methods for reducing the problem, and this was supported by Gaertner and Dovido et al in 1993. Finally, the last method, 'cognitive interventions' was proposed by Steven Neuberg, and he claimed that stereotypes can be reduced if persons can be made to engage in attribute-driven processing, which is thinking about a unique characteristics of individuas.

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